Increased level of serum leucine-rich-alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Currently, no useful serum markers exist for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), making early detection challenging as diagnosis relies solely on imaging tests. Radiation exposure is also a concern due to multiple required CT examinations during treatment. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) histological types include ccRCC and non-clear cell RCC (non-ccRCC); however, treatment response to medications varies which necessitates accurate differentiation between the two. Therefore, we aimed to identify a novel serum marker of RCC. Increased LRG1 expression in the serum has been demonstrated in multiple cancer types. However, the expression of LRG1 expression in the serum and cancer tissues of patients with RCC has not been reported. Since ccRCC is a hypervascular tumor and LRG1 is capable of accelerating angiogenesis, we hypothesized that the LRG1 levels may be related to ccRCC. Therefore, we examined LRG1 expression in sera from patients with RCC. METHODS: Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serum levels of leucine-rich-alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) were measured in 64 patients with ccRCC and 22 patients non-ccRCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy, as well as in 63 patients without cancer. RESULTS: Median values of serum LRG1 and their inter-quartile ranges were 63.2 (42.8-94.2) µg/mL in ccRCC, 23.4 (17.7-29.6) µg/mL in non-ccRCC, and 36.0 (23.7-56.7) µg/mL in patients without cancer, respectively (ccRCC vs. non-ccRCC or patients without cancer: P < 0.001). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (P = 0.002), anemia (P = 0.037), hypercalcemia (P = 0.023), and grade (P = 0.031) were independent predictors of serum LRG1 levels in ccRCC. To assess diagnostic performance, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of serum LRG1 was utilized to differentiate ccRCC from non-cancer and non-ccRCC, with values of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.64-0.82) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82-0.96), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: LRG1 served as a serum marker associated with inflammation, indicated by CRP, anemia, hypercalcemia, and malignant potential in ccRCC. Clinically, serum LRG1 levels may assist in differentiating ccRCC from non-ccRCC with excellent diagnostic accuracy.

Urine Lactoferrin as a Potential Biomarker Reflecting the Degree of Malignancy in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder.

Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is potentially life-threatening; therefore, we aimed to discover a novel urine biomarker for diagnosis and prognostication of UCB. This is a retrospective case-control study. Exploration of a new biomarker using urine from 20 UCB patients in the present study revealed that urinary level of lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional glycoprotein released from neutrophils, was higher in 11 of 15 with invasive/high-grade UCB than 5 with non-invasive one, and 2 healthy adults. We therefore focused on LF and assessed the value of urine LF normalized by urine creatinine concentration (LF/Cr) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Diagnostic performance of urine LF/Cr was examined using urine from 92 patients with primary (newly diagnosed) untreated UCB and 166 controls without UCB, including 62 patients with pyuria, and 104 subjects without pyuria consisting of 84 patients and 20 healthy adults. However, the diagnostic accuracies were accompanied by the risk of bias. In 92 primary UCB patients, both pyuria and tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) were independent predictors for urine LF/Cr. In contrast, TINs or urine LF/Cr were independent predictors for invasive histology, whereas pyuria was not. In terms of prognostication, urine LF/Cr and nodal metastasis were independent predictors of disease-specific survival in 22 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, characterized by a high mortality rate, in the Cox proportional hazards model. In conclusion, urine LF/Cr linked to TINs was a predictor of both invasive histology and prognosis in UCB. Urine LF/Cr is a potential biomarker reflecting the degree of malignancy in UCB.